Effective Classroom Management Essay

– Some guiding principles in classroom management and their implications to teaching. – According to James H. Stronge in his book â€Å"Qualities of Effective Teachers†, some guiding principles in classroom management are the following: †¢Consistent, proactive discipline is the crux of effective classroom management. †¢Inside the classroom, we could always expect some disciplinary problems, but some teacher could immediately handle the said problems. Instead of formulating immediate medicine for the behavioral problems, the teacher should focus on how to prevent these predicaments to occur. As much as possible, lets avoid dilemmas because it’s too pathetic for us to cry over spilled milk. †¢Establish routines for all daily tasks and needs. †¢To avoid turmoil inside the classroom, the teacher must ascertain routines from the start of the class, up to the class dismissal. This could also help a lot in saving much time and effort because their work is already in routine. †¢Orchestrate smooth transitions and continuity of momentum throughout the day. †¢As much as possible, the teacher must avoid dull moments inside the classroom to motivate the students to always pay attention to the speaker. The teacher must scheme smooth transitions of activities inside and outside the classroom throughout the day. †¢Strike a balance variety and challenge in students’ activities in the classroom. †¢There should be a variation of activities inside the classroom to avoid the students and even the teacher from being bored. †¢As classroom manager, be aware of all actions and activities in the classroom. †¢Even if the teacher is not around, she is still responsible for the students. That is why she must know the things that are happening inside the classroom and what her students are up to. †¢Resolve minor inattention and disruption before they became major disruptions. †¢Disruptions seem to be part in every classroom and in every lesson. No matter how big or small the hitch is, it could still give so much distraction not only to the teacher, but foremost to the students. That is why, if the disruption is still controllable, the teacher must try to stop it before it becomes too late for her to control the situation, and worse, it could spoil the whole transition of the lesson inside the classroom. †¢Reinforce positive behavior. †¢To motivate the students to always do the good and right thing, the teacher should always pay even the simplest compliments in her students’ actions especially to the appreciating ones. †¢Treat minor disturbances calmly. †¢If a simple rising of the voice could control the simple problem, then do it. There’s no need for you to be hysterical and over-react on something that’s just under control. †¢Work out a physical arrangement of chairs that facilitates an interactive teaching-learning process. †¢Some teachers change seating arrangement quarterly. This is to enhance interactions between the teachers and students. †¢Make good use of every instructional moment. Minimize discipline time to maximize instructional time.

The Lincoln Electric Company

Headquartered in Euclid, Ohio, a suburb of Cleveland, The Lincoln Electric Company is a world leader in welding and cutting products, as well as a premier manufacturer of electric motors. The company is well known for its dedicated, talented workforce and its superior technology. Lincoln Electric Company gives its customers total solutions along with a commitment to quality. Lincoln Electric Company is also well known for its incentive management system. Many companies strive to duplicate the success that Lincoln has enjoyed over the years. John C. Lincoln founded Lincoln Electric Company in 1895 with a capital investment of $200. At first he only designed electric motors, but in 1909, he began to build welding machines. In 1814, he hired his brother James to be the VP and manager of his company. In 1934, the famous Lincoln bonus plan was instated as employees enjoyed bonuses of 25% of their base pay. By 1940, Lincoln employees enjoyed two times the average pay and productivity of similar Cleveland workers. Lincoln has built a very profitable company. This by way of treating all of its stakeholders with the utmost importance. Lincoln always kept its prices very fair, if not too fair for the customers. In many cases, the price of an item or service provided by Lincoln had gone down over the years. At the same time, employee†s salaries actually went up. This is just one example why Lincoln has flourished. Why are the employees at Lincoln Electric Company so pleased as well as so productive? Why were Lincoln employees willing to work overtime during an August vacation time in 1994? The following benefits are some of the main reasons why Lincoln employees will do almost anything to help its employer: an employee stock purchase plan company-paid life insurance piece rates adjusted for inflation a practice of lifetime employment Since its inception in 1895, Lincoln Electric Company was privately owned. This allowed for the protection of the processes that has kept Lincoln in the lead. However, after two years of losses in 1992 and 1993 due to a harsh foreign market, Lincoln Electric Company had to go public. With multi-million dollar, domestic updates and acquisitions in such countries as Italy, China, and Indonesia, Lincoln Electric Company wasted no time by dwelling on its first losses in Lincoln†s history. Lincoln is back on track as the world leader in arc welding, after faltering for only two years. Lincoln is committed to providing substantial value to all of its stakeholders. Very satisfied, dedicated and talented employees Incentive performance system Customer†s interests were held as more important than the stockholder†s Low prices kept customers pleased Exceptional quality (one Lincoln distributor said he sold hundreds of Lincoln welders without even one return Good relationships with unions Lincoln would guarantee a price quote in writing Having to go public after nearly 100 years The incentive pay scheme needs some updates Try to regain the its long-time standing as a privately owned company Stockholders could threaten with the need for a traditional pay scheme and this could interfere with the excellent relationship that Lincoln Electric has with its employees There is really nothing that Lincoln Electric Company can do that has not already been done. Lincoln Electric Company never had a loss until it†s over sea operations began to suffer in 1992. During the global organization, Lincoln†s employees voluntarily postponed their vacations in order to meet customer demand. Sales records have been set for every quarter since mid 1993. The only area that I see that could be changed is the way that the employees are compensated.

Caring For Those Left Behind

The Ignited States of America is a nation that has been fighting two wars on two fronts for thirteen years. With an all-volunteer force, our nations military is made up of brave men and women from all walks of life, brought together for one common goal; the safety of our nation. However, with this desire for safety also comes sacrifice, and not in the way that most people think of when they think Of our military members.I am referring to those who are left behind when a service member packs a bag and heads for a foreign land. The spouses, children, parents, and other dependents of these men and women. A life like no other Being a dependent of a service member is a task that the majority of the American population will never take on. The stress that these family members go though can be both physical and psychological, due to factors including deployment cycles, long and unpredictable duty hours, relocations, and living in a foreign country (Padded Poses, 2013). Frequent moves that military families go through can lead to a loss of a support network.The process of having to start over every few years and find a new job, make new friends while leaving old ones and leaving everything familiar behind can take a huge toll on a person. In addition, family separations, even short ones, can leave a military spouse to report feelings of loneliness. If there is a child at home, this spouse is now effectively a single parent. Deployments to war zones can bring a whole new dimension of stress to the family left behind, s their loved one now faces the risk of serious injury or death (Padded Poses, 2013).How are medical professionals, who may or may not have first- hand experience with this unique lifestyle, to adjust the care that is given this portion of the population? Care Enough to Ask While most spouses and family members of service members receive on- base medical services, there are those that are seen in civilian facilities. Families of members of reserve units more often than not live too far from a military facility, so they will seek care in the local community.As healthcare providers, it is important to ask about military affiliation and where in the deployment cycle (past, current or future) a family may be. In addition, it is important to ask questions about the service member themselves. Asking these questions can give a provider insight into stress levels, sleep quality and self-care. If symptoms Of anxiety or depression are present, further screening can be recommended. This line of questioning lets the patient know that you care enough to ask. From here, additional support can be offered when deed. Assessing the mental status of the patient can be crucial to providing proper care. In a study of National Guard spouses, 34% met the criteria for one or more mental health problems including depression, suicide ideation, and hazardous alcohol use. (Padded Poses, 2013). This means that more than one out of 4 spouses of the 1. 1 million military spouses have had what could be considered a mental health emergency. Another area of concern is the coping mechanisms the spouse is currently using to deal with the stress and separation.Everything from financial situation, level of communication, level of familial dysfunction and age of the spouse can give indication of the level of coping skills said spouse possesses. Taking a full history and asking questions pertaining to these areas of concern can assist a provider in making proper recommendations. Once all necessary information has been collected, the provider can then assist the spouse with support groups, coping skills, and stress management. Recommendations can be made with regards to self-care.Getting enough leap can be an all important factor in self-care, as a lack Of sleep can worsen any mental state. This combined with poor nutrition, a lack of exercise and a consumption of alcohol or other mind altering substances can have disastrous results, especially to one already suffering from stress. Every encounter with a military spouse is a chance for education on how to maintain proper self-care, health and well-being. Reflection Many good points are made in this article on how to help the families of military members. As this may be a situation that have not all dealt with, it s good to have a guideline to go by. Eel that more light needs to be brought to this unique situation. In addition, more guidance needs to be given to providers on how to deal with family members of service members who have returned with mental injuries, as well as physical ones. Dealing with a spouse with mental health issues can be just as challenging, if not more so, than caring for one with visible wounds. Conclusion Any family separation can bring about anxiety, but a separation due to a deployment of a loved one to a war zone can present multifaceted healthcare deeds by those left behind.

BUS WK4 HOMEWORK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

BUS WK4 HOMEWORK - Essay Example The following section discusses the literature review in support of universal precautions and identifies gaps in the research. Research on the topic supports the use of universal precautions over contact barriers. Kirkland (2008) explains that the emphasis on contact isolation in most hospitals is not based on strong evidence. Instead it is based on conventional beliefs about patient safety. Similarly, in an important study Ribner et al. (1986) share the opinion that a more effective substitute to strict isolation may be available in the form of a modified approach based on a case by case analysis. Although they do not recommend doing away with the use of gloves and gowns, their study reveals the potential for developing precautions on the basis of the necessity for preventing the spread of infections in each case. Allegranzi and Pittet (2009) state that hand hygiene is the most important factor in preventing the spread of infections in a hospital setting. Furthermore, Brouqui (2003) is of the opinion that the practice of adopting hand hygiene procedures among hospital staff can be encouraged by the use of alcohol sprays in hospitals. Cepeda et al. (2005) also show in their study that the continuous use of gowns and gloves is likely to increase the transmission of infections. They also state that the use of gloves tends to reduce adherence to hand hygiene practices among health professionals. In addition to cost savings, the research will also study the effects of universal precautions on the emotional well-being of patients. Barratt et al. (2011) explain that the use of gloves and gowns can be restrictive and may act as a barrier to the information and empathy needs of patients. This can result in the patients experiencing greater anxiety and frustration. In a similar research, Skyman et al. (2009) also reported that patients who were isolated for risk of spreading MRSA infection described their experience as a

My understanding of fine art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

My understanding of fine art - Essay Example Various implications can be discerned from this definition including, the fact that inherent creativity of the artist and their technical expertise is instrumental in creating visual art. The second key aspect that can be derived from this definition is that, the resultant artistic work is visually appealing to viewers and further stirs up their imagination, as they attempt to view the art form from the creator’s perspective or place themselves in the portrayed environment. It is also apparent from the definition that, visual art invokes the target audience’s cognitive thought, as people attempt to logically interpret it. Most importantly, as suggested in the definition, visual art conjures deeper spiritual meaning that is often unique to every observer. Every time we look at a photograph, we employ a wide array of intricate readings, ranging from visual and imaginative observations to intellectual views. These elements, coupled with the acknowledged creativity and technical proficiency of the photographer, irrefutably qualify a photograph as a visual art form. It is also imperative to take note of the fact that, the complexity of photograph reading is accentuated by the fact that observers bear varying assumptions and expectations of both the image and the subject of photograph. These distinctive aspects of photographs clearly support Clarke’s (181) assertion that, a photographer wields the ability to convey a more intense yet intangible message through an image, than the actual photographed subject. The author also emphasizes that such intricacy of photographs, as visual art forms, is made possible by a meld of the photographer’s technical expertise, light sensitivity, and a unique creative spirit. It is apparent that a photographic image, as a fine art form, is not only complex, but also fascinating and vast, with a broad range of unique attributes. Key among these features is the beauty or visual appeal of the photograph (Cotton 49). Even

Key Strengths Related to Potential Employment Options Essay - 181

Key Strengths Related to Potential Employment Options - Essay Example Civil engineering is a dynamic field with new information being introduced every day. It is important for a person in the field to focus on finding new information and employing them in becoming competitive in the job market. As a result, when I go to work in a particular place either on a voluntary program or internship, I try to learn from the experiences in the place. Consequently, reading books and some modern literature have helped me in improving on my strengths. I am a creative individual and seeking new alternatives to solve problems is always my ambition. Creativity has helped me become an outstanding individual in my field of study and various engagements. Ideally, I always employ the art of creativity to introduce new ideas that can ensure efficiency and effectiveness. While working as an intern in an electricity station, I managed to introduce new steps in checking the electrical devices and instruments within the organization. For example, I developed an automated model that determined if there were faults in the system. I have tried to improve on this strength by ensuring that I constantly and progressively provide solutions to problems and dealing with inefficiencies. Taking control and being assertive are some of the areas that require attention as I move through my career journey. Working as a civil engineer is marred by certain complexities and a person needs to take charge and push the ideas that are crucial for success. My desire is to become assertive in every instance by proposing solutions and ideas that provoke positive outcomes. Being timid and less assertive cannot make an individual succeed in different situations. To achieve this, I intend to participate in many events and read some books that provide directions on how people can be assertive and take control of situations as well as circumstances.

A Walk Down the Grocery Aisle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Walk Down the Grocery Aisle - Essay Example As national brands are typically considered to be cutting-edge and associated with higher quality, they must emphasize that they are irreplaceable, that they are a better value despite their higher price, and get on board with Internet marketing to earn repeated business and ensure product availability. When retailers co-brand with national brands, both tend to profit. To stay competitive and ensure profits, both sides must focus on the unique advantages that only their products can provide consumers, whether it is quality, price, locality, availability, value, or variety. New difficulties and opportunities show their face in the grocery business during changing times. A tough economy poses great challenges for national brands, which see consumers often sacrificing quality as they purchase lower-cost store brand alternatives. This added challenge for national brands opens up greater opportunities for retailers, which can better cater to the financial struggles of customers with their cheaper store brands. However, when an upturn in the economy hits, store brands must prepare for consumers returning to the familiar national brands, as they can afford the more expensive national brands. But because store brands have been perceived as having higher and higher quality, national brand companies cannot always count on customers returning to their products, as they might not see the dividends in paying a lot more for a national product that is not that much different than the retailer’s cheaper substitute. A shifting economy can pose problems for both store brands and national brands, bringing to the forefront issues with pricing, quality, and value. There are many things that both store brands and national brands can do to overcome challenges brought about by changing economic times so that they can ensure success. Changing up their game plans and crafting effective marketing approaches can make both sides winners. With the rising

Islam Compared to Judaism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Islam Compared to Judaism - Assignment Example Islam basically refers to total submission to the will of Allah or God. Muslims believes that there is only one true God who is all knowing and powerful, and has no end (Goldschmidt, 2001). In addition, they believe that any person, who submits to the will of God, exalts and worships him, will be rewarded in eternity. Similarly, in Judaism, they believe there is only one true God, he is the creator of Universe and has always been there since nobody existed before. More so, those who follow the will of God will be rewarded unlike evil doers who are destined to punishment by death. In Islam, all material possessions such as cars, houses, clothing and furniture are valueless than one true God. All things and pleasures that we have as humans are fine if they lead to satisfaction of what God requires. Muslims believes that God is the one who gives and takes life thus; he has predestined all human activities (Goldschmidt, 2001). Muslims also believes that all world religions were sent by God but, later they were corrupted by human beings. Jews believes that God is giver of life. They view people of all world religions as equal and children of God and that they are just distinct ways to serving the same God whom they must obey and adhere to his law. It is the responsibility of the Jews to adhere to the torah and cement presence of God (Robinson, 2001). Muslims believes that God is everywhere and that he works in a universe in which lives diverse creatures, not all of whom can be felt, heard, or seen by humans. The Quran, for instance, argues that jinns, can do good or bad, but God’s Angels are more powerful and they respect his divine will. God sent Angel Gabriel to teach Muhammad how to pray (Esposito, 2010). As Robinson (2001) argues, similarly, the Jews believes that Angels are God’s messengers and that they exist in the universe but, cannot be understood or seen by human beings. Muslims

Buddhist Discourses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Buddhist Discourses - Essay Example Firstly the conversation centers upon external and internal anxieties experienced by a person. Buddha says that the anxiety about something non-existent externally can be overcome by the realization that the possession of things is impermanent (Early Discourses, 110). What mine was before is not certainly mine now. If a person understands this truth, he will have no external anxiety. Also a person who thinks he will become a permanent thing and remain so for eternity after death becomes anxious if he is exposed to the dhamma as taught by the tathagata or his disciple. The teaching eliminates all standpoints of speculative views which involve obstinacy, favoritism, and possessiveness, produces an effect of calming of all dispositions to actions, forsakes all attachments, and destroys craving (Early Discourses, 110). The teaching is for nibbana, the complete freedom from suffering. This internal anxiety could be overcome if the person does not think he will be permanent and then expose himself to the teaching. At the end of this part of the conversation, the disciples do not seem to continue their quest for solution to the anxiety. Buddha simply starts asking questions about permanency of things. It was not clear how the internal anxiety could be overcome, meaning the process of removal of the anxiety.

Christology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Christology - Essay Example Parables can also easily be transformed to different situations, cultures and modern societies. They offer a real-life experience version and a psychological and spiritual accuracy. Jesus never just handed out the truth on a silver platter. He wanted the people to really think about their meaning and the impacts. Jesus’ parables, on the one hand, referred to everyday life situations, such as the ‘Parable of the Sower’ (Mark 4:1-20), the ‘Parable of the Good Samaritan’ (Luke 10:30-37) or the ‘Parable of the Pearl’ (Matthew 13:44-46). These parables deal, on the other hand, with much heavier messages about religious themes such as the Kingdom of God and the importance of praying (John). According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, a Gospel is a â€Å"message concerning Christ† or â€Å"one of the first four New Testament books†. According to history, the Gospels were written at least 30 years after Jesus’ death. Can these Gospels be accurate accounts? Many believers agree on this and blindly follow the words of the writers, but since scholars started to research the Gospels, they discovered that Jesus in the Gospels is quite different than Jesus in the historic accounts (Albl 276). Five of the main points of dispute are these mentioned in Albl (281-282). The first point is that the Gospel of John differs from the Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke. The second is that the first Gospel was written approximately 30 years after Jesus’ death, which means that it is not an eye-witness account. The third is that Jesus spoke Aramaic and the Gospels are written in Greek. The high ‘supernatural’ incidents that raise questions of reliability is number four and number five is that the Gospels were written to encourage faith. Supporting the last point given by Albl (282), that the Gospels were written with the explicit purpose to encourage faith, is the rumor that the Christian church burned

Eusebio Camachos Autobiography Essay Example for Free

Eusebio Camachos Autobiography Essay My name is Eusebio Camacho. I am still in high school, I am a senior and I plan to go to Texas AM International University. One thing that I want and that also is part of my goals is study something that has to do with criminal justice, a lawyer. Since I was a kid, I always thought that in the future I will be one of the best lawyers, and now I am a teenager I still want that. That is the only career that I am interested now. I like to fight for the right thing, so that is why I want to be a lawyer, to fight for the right thing always. Another goals that I had in mind but that I am almost for achieve is go to the university, I will be the first one in my family who will go to university, that is why I am excited to go to college. I really hope that I can achieve my goal which is being a lawyer and if that comes true, I want to help all the innocent people who are in jail. I want to fight for the rights of all the people who does not have money and that the justice accused them for something that they did not do it. Thanks to my family now I am the person who I am. I really do not know what I will do without them. They supported me and they still do it, they are always there for me, teaching me what it is good and what not. Now I am a person who is responsible for all my obligations, I appreciate that they give me the opportunity to study, which is why i am grateful now. I appreciate all the opportunities that are in my way. I am an honest person; they taught me that lies do not bring you good consequences. I also am the kind of person who never gives up until I get what I want. My parents taught me that if I really want something, I should fight for it. I like to be super organized, because that way I can always know where I leave my things. I love to make new friends, I am super friendly. I can be shy all the time, but when a person really knows me they will say that from shy I have nothing. I absolutely am a good listener, maybe I do not give the best advice but I do my best. I love to hear people, not matter if what they are going to tell me is boring or not. I do not like be sad for negative comments from other people, I love myself and that is never going to change, I am good with myself. I always do what I want to, I do not like to depend from other people. That is who I am and what are my goals in the future, which hopefully i will achieve.

Understanding Organisations and the role of HR Essay Example for Free

Understanding Organisations and the role of HR Essay Good afternoon guys. Before I have my speech begun, please let me introduce myself to you guys. Sculpture is what I major in. I feel a little bit nervous upon my first speech in front of you now, but I am going to try my best. Since 21st century, we have seen a lot of creativity on every field. Every one emphasizes the creative power. As we see that Apple, which always stresses innovation and creativity, is a one of the biggest companies around the world, creativity is a key to success these days. To me, Creativity is an abstract idea. Maybe it is to you people as well. Anyway, everyone probably has different thoughts of what is creative. But I think creativity comes from how it looks in a way, I mean artistic fgures. Lets compare ones we use with ones we used to use. Take cell phones for example, when cell phone was firstly shown up to the public they were literally a sensation. Who could think they would take a call outside with a wireless phone, even though they looked like a tank or something at that time. As we know, those cell phones at the beginning were technically amazingly convenient at the very moment. However, as time goes by, people have tended to find ore creative ones than ones that are even much better in hardware. Actually, I have heard a lot that many people like iPhones instead of others because iPhones look more beautiful than others so it seems to be more creative. As a result, their beautiful-looking makes themselves more creative to people. What if iPhone or other Apples products had the same function and hardware with an ugly shape, people would still think they are creative? I dont think so. Nowadays, not only the industrial products but also cultural industrial like movies or books also need creativity to succeed. Actually, according to some statistics a creative book cover helps its sales whether the contents of the book is good or bad. When we see those books in a bookstore, what we see first is the book cover and we get the first impression of it from the cover. So people annually make a new version of old ones which have old cover that we would feel corny now. The most important thing of a good movie is definitely its plot, and l, personally, think the secondly important thing of it is creative visual aspects. The way of shooting every scene and brand-new visual effects, they all ake a movie as a good movie. All in all, now we live in a creative life. Everything has evolved day by day. We can find and enjoy creativity everywhere. There are thousands of same thing, but what makes one of them standing-out is creativity. For me, what make one of them looking creative are artistic figures. It is, for sure, much better to buy something looking better and looking more creative than others, even if they are a little bit more expensive than others. So I think we need to pay more attention to these creative idea and artistic fgures to geta success. Thank you for your listening. Understanding Organisations and the role of By cdonaldson TASK 1 Santander UK plc is one of the leading personal financial services companies in the United Kingdom with more than 15 million customers serviced by a network of 1200 branches and with approximately 24,000 employees. It is the third largest bank in the I-JK with reference to the value of deposits and the 2nd largest in terms of mortgage accounts held. Santander boast an award-winning, innovative range of products and services for both personal and business customers. Personal banking customers can choose from a range of Current Accounts, Savings Accounts, Credit Cards, Un-secured Personal Loans, Mortgages and Insurance products. To enable customers to access their accounts whenever they need and manage them more effectively, Santander offer internet and mobile banking as well as telephone banking for the majority of accounts not forgetting any of the 1200 high street branches! Business and Corporate customers have access to a similar product range current and savings accounts, loans (secured and un-secured) and insurance products.

Theories Of Gender Inequality

Theories Of Gender Inequality There have been a number of theories put forward by various Institutions, Organizations, Authors, Scholars, Researchers, and Development practitioners, somehow to explain the problem why the issue of gender varies from region to region and why implementing gender equality, and female empowerment is lower than expected in SSA. Amongst these theories are the Inequality and the Modernization theory used in this project to explain the wide gender problems existing in SSA. Borrowing from the words of John Martenussen, most of these theories have been propounded by Western and North American authors and have been termed growth and development theories. (Martenussen, 1997; p.51) As far as this project is concern, I am going to use the parts of the theories that are relevant to the project. The Inequality Theory: The origin of gender Inequality between men and women has been one of the most intellectual debates after the rise of modern feminism. Great thinkers in the history of ideas such as Aristotle and Thomas Quinas suggested speculative interpretation of gender differences. Continuously, nineteenth century evolutionary theorist such as Bachofen and Karl Marx consider various possible evolutionary sequences in organization kinship and gender relations. Some early efforts aimed at justifying existing institutions and others to question them sound like contemporary standard. The argument behind the origin of feminist analyses is the ideological implication of female subordination over the centuries. Also, there have been a high superior prevalence of male status across time, space and social circumstances that are beyond denial especially in SSA. Therefore the pervasiveness of male dominance is the absolute aim of analyzing gender differences. The question that arises is that how can the app arent universal subordination of female be reconciled with equality in SSA with it strong traditional background? (Robert Marx Johnson 2005 p; 30). Assumptions of the Inequality Theory: Firstly, Inequality theory explains the biological difference between men and women which is inescapable, amongst race, class, culture and tradition irrespective of being developed or underdeveloped. According to Linsey 2007, sex is the biological difference between men and women while gender is the social construction of sexes considering race, politics, social, economic, culture and traditional background. This cultures and traditions vary from place to place and from culture to culture. These cultures that are learned change with time within and between cultures. (Linsey 2007, P; 97) Following this sex distinction between male and female, some advanced societies (Western and North American societies) have tried to narrow down the gender gap by empowering females, by redefining laws and ignoring others to enhance development. That notwithstanding, the distinction still persists and would always be there because no matter all the feminist analyses on sex and gender, humans would never revert nature on this perspective. Research have proven that no amount of theorist thinking can subtle the simple fact of biological distinction, therefore inequality would persistently exist no matter what. The question that ponders my mind is, why Sub-Saharan Africa is still lacking behind to comprehend culture and tradition to reduce the wide gender gap, thereby empowering females to enhance development?. Secondly, content and expression of this biological difference is exaggerated in the situation in SSA. Tracing back from history until date, most of the hardest and most commanding jobs are carried out by men therefore inequality is bound to exist between sexes. The fact that men are a stronger sex to resist extreme hash conditions makes them dominant irrespective of sex division. Complex cultural societies are build up by institution that keeps men at a dominant position. This make the female sex constantly relegated at the background. The norms and values that govern these complex societies (SSA) procure men at the forefront. By respecting this norms and values women would be hardly seen in the public spheres. (Sushama Sahay, in king and Hill Anne. p; 89) Thirdly, Inequality theory try to make some kind of biological differences that are sufficient and necessary to persistently cause inequality between sexes and puts men at a commanding and dominant position. There are three imputed biological differences that have received much attention by the inequality view, such as reproduction by females, physical capacity and predisposition toward violence. Anthropologists largely agree that women have hardly occupied position of higher status or political power than men in any society anywhere, anytime (Buthler 2006) Some feminist theorist argue that, reproduction everywhere is done by females that subordinates their position to men, others say that men are physically dominant in their actions and activities and set rules that are of their own advantage. Some theorist argue that men are very aggressive than women, that put them at a dominant position thereby creating inequality between the both sexes. (Buthler 2006 P; 78) Lastly, apart from huge gender inequality and female empowerment sluggishness in SSA, inequality can also be traced amongst races and class. There have been and there are still traces of inequality amongst the white race and black race as well as amongst the upper and lower class group. There are two different kinds of historical inequality, example that can illustrate this point. First of all, I will want to look back at the history of colonialism and neocolonialism in SSA by the west that alone speak volumes of inequality and domination over a continent and makes a particular race dominant over the other. The history of racial inequality amongst the blacks and whites in the United States of America also illustrate an example of inequality amongst races. On the other hand, there have been inequalities within races and cultures. The upper and noble classes in SSA have been dominant over the lower and powerless group. This means that a superior culture is imposed and forced on to the weaker group that makes them not equal. Just like the history of European nobility over the commoners in Europe. Yet the nobility have remained a powerful and privileged class in most European nations. From biological and racial distinction on the inequality theory, inequality is a fact amongst genders, cultures, class and race, although times have changed and things must change, this pushes us to criticize the inequality theory with changing times. Critique of the Inequality Theory: There have been a lot of theorists to critique speculative accounts on gender differences and female empowerment in SSA which creates inequality, but very little progress have been made to prove one theory over the other in their speculative analyses on gender issues. To a large degree, inequality theories have not gained grounds because societies have distinctively evolved and disproved the speculative ideas of inequality theorist. In SSA today, traditional institutional arrangement have distinctively changed in respect of both genders not too much subordinating women like in the past. Looking at a typical traditional African society, where farming is the only source of income, the man do the clearing of the farm while the woman do the planting and if harvest is good the subsistent crops are sold to maintain the family and educate their kids, both live in complementary way without gender distinction. Although traditional institution still exist and persist today in SSA, but most if not all operate in the interest of both genders. Scholars argue that theories sometimes formulate persuasive speculative accounts which might fit what we already perceive or know. Therefore we must depend on the biological evidence provided by the inequality theory based on the reconstruction of inferences in well known societies to argue the inequality theory. Critics of Inequality theory also argue that, professional speculations of postmodern feminist by generalizing theories and with the political confusion by giving equal weight to every woman irrespective of race, class, sex orientation, culture and historical background makes origin of inequality theory to lost it attraction. The biological distinction of sex and gender roles as ascribed by the origin of the inequality theory is almost becoming baseless in SSA societies today. My argument is that inequality theory relies on female reproduction, the strength of men and the predisposition of men in violence situation as a prerequisite of being unequal. This was true to an extent tracing the origin of the theory, but today societies have evolved with changing times, no society in the history of mankind is static. Reproduction have just become a female experience and also a sex difference which has little impact on gender roles today. In the other hand, today in SSA men are only dominant in specific jobs as that they are specialized in, not that specific jobs are ascribed for men although the both sexes co-exist in a traditional way, but there is rational distribution of resources and labor so that girls and women can be empowered in this communities and families. The problems that arise sometimes are how to comprehend this inconsistent inequality that continues to persist with changing times. Theoretical efforts must be accepted to a certain degree and also the theory can only predict the future and to a larger extent crudely reconstruct the origin of inequality. There is evident that the system of inequality like any other social institution is becoming self sustainable today in most SSA societies. Individuals are born sexed but not gendered; they have to be taught to be masculine or feminine. One is not born; but rather becomes a womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, it is civilization as a whole that produces this creatureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, which is described as feminine (Simone de Beauvoir 1952 p; 267) The idea of inequality between men and women is created in the gender process following the way cultural institutions are arranged. Therefore inequality in itself does not exist between sexes but created in the act or reaction in each society. Butler 1990, argues that gender as a process creates the social difference that defines man and woman in social interaction through their live, individuals learn what is expected, see what is expected, act and react in expected ways, thus simultaneously construct and maintain the gender order in each society (Butler 1990 p; 145) In a typical African society, though still primitive and traditional the inequality do not actually exist but it is the gender roles that differ from family to family and from community to community. Take for example within the Muslim religion or culture in SSA; women are actually distinctive in their socially constructed roles ascribed by the religious laws. This does not mean that they do not live in a complementally as opposed by the inequality differences basing on sex division. I therefore argue that the issue of gender is a matter of understanding within families and communities, who should do what at a given time irrespective of the sex backed by norms and laws of that community. West and Zimmermann, holds that in humans there is no essential femaleness or maleness, femininity or masculinity, womanhood or manhood, but once gender is ascribed, the social order constructs and holds individuals to strongly gender norms and expectations. (West and Zimmaman 1989, P; 146) The origin of the inequality theory have been attacked by it critics seriously in recent times. Recent studies also indicate that inequality would eventually lose it content as time evolves. The debate is centered on race and class subordination of inequality that existed in the past, but is currently loosing it value. It is clearly evident that racial inequality is gradually disappearing between and within races and class. I will like to illustrate this point on the colonial history of SSA. Africa have longed been colonized by Europeans to maintain a superior race and keep the African race subordinated under their control just like gender and sex. But because inequality is gradually loosing it originality in history, racial inequality have gradually faded away with changing times. Although some traces of racial inequality persistently exist between races. (Gramsci 1971, P; 165) Another example that has made inequality lose it originality have been between whites and black Americans as well as European nobility. Whites and blacks have faced a long history of racial segregation in the United States, but because of time factor and new institutional arrangement the racial differences have almost disappeared. In the other hand, European nobility class use to be a more armed, politically and economically powerful class to the commoners in Europe but with the coming of decentralization of leadership and democracy this superior class have gradually disappeared thereby melting away the idea of inequality and subordination of commoners since everybody have an equal opportunity. Well as much as SSA is concern there have been inequality in class division irrespective of the gender differences. Inequality have been gradually disapproved since the old traditional institutions are disappearing and new wants sees everybody the same. In SSA, apart from gender inequality, there have been upper and lower class inequality as well as people from the royal fondoms, are always seen differently with high esteem. The upper class have been people who generally enjoy high social amenities in the big cities of SSA, they have little or no gender differences between their families since almost everybody have a good education as compared to the rural poor who cannot even provide for a daily meal. They are not much educated so definitely they believe in traditional laws that puts the men at the forefront. But with changing times and the fight for global poverty reduction, development in these local areas in SSA is gradually improving making gender inequality to extensively disap pear. On the other hand, Fondomites in SSA have maintain an extensively unequal powers in every aspect in SSA, this is because most traditional laws do respect and give special consideration to everyone from the fondom. But with the coming of democracy and the respect for human right and dignity, this traditional superiority is extensively disappearing there by making the class values to loss it weight. Today whether from the fondom or not, everybody is the same because of democracy. Though there have been a mixture of traditional laws to democratic values to combat the aspect of inequality amongst fondomites and common citizen. (Foucault 1972, P; 223) Importance of the Inequality Theory to the project: To begin with, inequality theory is essential in this project because it explains the origin, history and persistent pre-domination and domination of males in almost all aspects of life in SSA. Through this theory, I understand that socialization, tradition and biology are interwoven to explain the persistent male domination in most SSA societies. To better understand the importance of the theory to this project, I will like to examine each role played by each of these concepts to understand the role of inequality theory to the project. Men and women yesterday and today think and act differently and achieve differently in the varying regions in SSA (Banque and Waren 1990, P; 90) Connecting inequality theory to socialization, it helps me to distinguish between the upper and lower class socialization in SSA. To understand the importance of socialization in this project, it has to be treated differently with divergent identities and expectations. Socialization has helped me to understand why there is little or no gender inequality and more female empowerment in the urban than rural families in SSA. I have used socialization to compare inequality in urban and rural areas, which further makes me to understand class division in the two areas. It is certain that gender equality and female empowerment is higher in urban than rural milieus, because in the urban areas, generally, individuals and families are exposed to high social amenities and high standard of living. Social interaction is generally more modern than in the local interior in SSA. The upper wealthy class is found in urban areas while the lower poor and primitive class is found in the local areas. There fore, as a result of this social division, inequality theory through socialization has helped me to distinguish and understand this phenomenon in details and further explains why there is persistent inequality in class and socialization in SSA. Connecting inequality theory through tradition, it has helped me to understand why there is still a wide gender gap and low female empowerment in typical traditional SSA societies today. People honor traditional established ideas and teach them to their children. But what is the source of the gender traditions by which women are made everywhere subordinate. (Drage 2003, P; 23) From the origin and history of inequality theory, men have established ideas and institutions that have always kept them dominant letting females at a subordinated position. The theory is therefore important in this project because it lets me understand why some primitive ideas are still led down from generation to generation in sub-Saharan Africa. Take for example, in most local communities in SSA, male inheritance have been a long established traditional belief and have been passed down to generations for centuries. These practices have become stronger so much so that even a male unborn child is celebrated be fore delivery. Women are regarded as properties and sold out for marriages, since bride price is been paid on them. Females have also been considered as products because they are forced into early marriages to reduce poverty since they are been bought by paying a bride price to their parents. Tradition is held at high esteem and has been a led down idea and still exists today in most of the local communities in SSA. By believing that only a male child can inherit property, has placed male sex dominant over females. This established idea have retarded development because resources are not rationally distributed by both sexes thereby making the female sex subordinated. As a result of this established believes, inequality persistently exists in this primitive areas that are reluctant to accept new changes because of illiteracy and poverty. Inequality theory is therefore important in this project because it has deepened my understanding of the continuous male domination because of these established ideas that have been passed down to generations. Inequality theory is also relevant because it explains these beliefs in such ideas and goes a long way to increase gender inequality and reduce female empowerment in SSA. Although there have been some changes in this traditional beliefs, but these changes mostly affects exposed families that is families that have acquired good education and have been exposed to more valuable cultures. Inheritance in these situations goes with responsibility and how you can manage the resources irrespective of being a male or female, though most often it ends up with problems from males since it has always been like that in most of the societies in SSA. Giving authority or property to a female is just like depriving a male from his traditional right. But with continuous realization on how these have been affecting the societal development, I personally think it is going to disappear with changing time. Thanks to the inequality theory that I am able to explain this primitive belief in most of SSA families and societies. Connecting inequality theory through biology, it is relevant in this project because it has made me understand male domination in biological distinction of both sexes. This is because women and men are physically different in ways that make men to feel dominant. Through biological distinction in inequality, I came to understand why there is inequality in labor division. This is so because the theory persistently insist on the physical strength of men to occupy certain jobs. That is why there has been persistent gender discrimination in organizations and job opportunities because men think that some jobs can be physically carried out by them. For instance in SSA, it is hard to hear that a woman is a military general, bus driver, engineer, carpenter, technicians and or family head. Biological explanation also emphasize on the predisposition of men in extreme dangerous situation so to speak. In SSA men have always been involved in warfare and critical traditional decisions that involves sacrifices are carried out by men. Therefore, as a result of this, inequality is bound to exist and that is why I have employed it in my project to understand this in greater details. However, with the advent of feminist theorist, and changing time, biological arguments for inequality in gender is gradually fading away. Technological improvement have made most jobs to be operated by machines and intellectual based not physical fitness. Therefore, both males and females can be trained to manipulate these machines to have a gender balance in job markets. However, since traditional African societies are still very backward and have not yet attained some level of technology, most jobs are still based on physical strength to acquire them. That is why biological explanation of the origin of inequality in gender is still very visible in SSA. Inequality theory is therefore useful to this project to understand the biological explanation of persistent inequality in physical strength, predisposition of men in dangerous situations and the reproduction of females that have made them subjugated and subordinated position since the beginning of time immemorial. The modernization Theory: According to (Deutsch 1961; Rostow 1960; Ruttan 1959), modernization theory evolved from two ideas about social change developed in the nineteenth century: the conception of traditional vs. modern societies, that viewed development as societal evolution in progressive stages of growth (Deutch 1961, Rostow 1960, Ruttan 1959) Following a modernization tradition, problems that have held back the development and empowerment of females in SSA have been irrational allocation of resources. Modernization theorist believe that for traditional African societies to become developed, there should be a rational distribution of resources for both sexes and the elimination of traditional, institutional and organizational roadblocks that have made Sub-Saharan African societies underdeveloped. Therefore, the society must pass through transformational stages to become modern. General Assumptions of the theory: Following Rostows modernization assumption, there have been five circular stages a society must pass through to become modern such as traditional society, precondition for take-off, take-off, the drive toward maturity and the age of high mass consumption (Rostow 1963, p; 127) The stage of traditional society is characterized by primitive technology, pre-Newtonian science and spiritual behaviors in the material world. There is traditional gender inequality and no idea of female empowerment since the society is too primitive and recognizes male superiority. The traditional economy depends soly on primitive methods of farming and limited productivity. There is limited mobility in the traditional society and most agricultural lands are owned by men limiting the female powerless and have absolutely no say in land ownership. That is why development is still imbalance today in SSA because resources are irrationally distributed and there is no female inheritance of property. Since it is a linear pattern, for a society to move to a pre-takeoff stage it has to do away with some ideas in the traditional stage so that there should be a regular growth. (Peet and Hartwick 1999, P; 81) The pre-take off society stage is characterized by development of modern technology and it application to agriculture and industry. Gender inequality is very high and there is little or no female empowerment because most machines were believed to be operated only by men. The idea of modernity was seen to develop sectors like educations, banking, commence, manufacturing and investment. This means that there was still very high gender discrimination in education and labor in SSA. Traditional African women could not own accounts according to traditional institutions and cannot be exposed to the public spheres. This was injected in a society that was still is primitive. (Ibid) The take-off stage as assumed by the modernization view as the stage for technological expansion, socio-political structures of society including gender rules in the distribution of labor in most urban areas in SSA. There is a little economic growth and a period to begin industrialization. In this stage, the discourse on gender and empowerment to modernize and enhance development increases in the urban and still very dormant in the rural sectors of SSA. (Ibid) The drive toward maturity stage is characterized by the spreading of technological expansion on economic activities and also there is sufficient entrepreneurship to practically fabricate heavy machines and equipment resulting from heavy industry. In this stage, the discourse on gender and participation have somehow gained grounds in most advanced societies and some prominent African cities. Women get more and more involved, the fight for economic growth and political dialogues and participation increases. (Ibid) The stage of mass consumption is characterized by the production of durable consumer goods and services. The rate of production of goods and services surpasses the need of consumption and employment is very high at the urban milieu in SSA. At this level there is little gender gap and female empowerment is high in most urban centers. This means that most families are exposed to western education and enjoy high standard of social amenities in the big cities. There is capability to invest in social welfare and social security on both genders, therefore cultural values comprehend modernity. (Ibid) Research have proven that most traditional African societies are at the take-off stage and at this level of development gender inequality is still very high at the rural sector and the society is very reluctant to any social and developmental changes. This means that the society is still very traditional, primitive and reluctant to social and development changes due to strong traditional and cultural beliefs. Also the theory explains why development has not made any significant progress in SSA especially in the rural communities where there is still a very wide gap between gender and female empowerment in SSA. Modernization theory can be seen as the legacy of the ideas of progress developed in Europe in the eighteen century. This means that progress and evolution was viewed as an irreversible, natural and systematic path toward modernity. The idea of traditional vs. modern society propped up in the different stages of growth and development in each society. This evolutionary progress of society was seen as a transformational stage from the simple to the complex. Therefore SSA being in the third stage according to the modernization vision, female empowerment and gender equality is very low, since the society is somehow very primitive and pre-occupied by male domination. Traditional beliefs which support female subordination is very high at this stage of development. (Latham 2000, p; 37) According to Nick Cullather, the idea of natural pattern of progress and development, as assumed by the modernization theory is a set of ideas and discourse used as a strategy by US to try to differentiate the US from former colonizers in their actions toward third world countries. (SSA). It was in the interest of the US as they also think that it was in the interest of the third world countries (SSA) to elevate third world countries to engage in the transformational steps toward modernity, this means that both sexes were to be involved in the stages of development thereby reducing the gender gap and empowering women in the process of development. The American idea could help assist third world countries avoid wasted steps in transition. This was seen as the Americanization and westernization of third world countries which was not more or less than the policy of assimilation by the French. (Black girls could eat and dress like French girls in French colonies to be assimilated and mod ern) (Nick Cullather, 1997; 94) The modernization theory advocates two fundamental concepts universalism and linear process. Both concept had and have huge impact on gender and female empowerment in SSA. This means that girls and women in Sub-Saharan Africa have the same cultural and identical background to move from a traditional stage to a modern stage in universal and linear order of development. (Redfield quoted in Cullarther) Supported by the same vision, all societies in SSA were seen as taking the same pattern toward modernity through recognizable stages, without considering other historical background, origin and geographical conditions. In the same light, following a modernization vision, all cultures were seen in a trajectory way. Therefore the theory never considered cultural institution, tradition, and customs and viewed as obstacles to female empowerment and gender equality. (Cullarther). By classifying the society in a one pattern way of development, the theory was therefore criticized by other promin ent development theories such as the dependency theory, power theory and the rise of feminist thinking in SSA. Critique of the theory: Modernization theory has received criticism in recent years from political scientists and political economists since it neglected cultural, historic, and socio-structural factors in it analysis (Chirot,1986; Black, 1991; Wallerstein, 1980) The modernization theory has witnessed a lot of critiques from varying development theories to scholars, researchers, institutions and other development practitioners. Most prominent development critique of the modernization theory hold that cultural values would still continue despite the shift from a traditional to a modern society. Therefore the argument is that despite the modern values of the modernization theory to transform traditional African societies to become modern by reducing the wide gender gap and encouraging female empowerment, African values still persist despite the values of modernity to enhance development in SSA. There is evidence that the broad cultural heritage of a society leaves imprints on values that endure despite the fo rces of modernization in other words cultural change depends on a society ´s cultural heritage. (Inglehart 2000c) Sub-Saharan Africa is made up of diverse cultural backgrounds, origin and history of migration. Though jointly colonized by the West, the fact that the society is culturally divided in origin and history, the values of modernization cannot hold at the same pace in the African societies respectively. This means that linear and universalism of the modernization theory could not work effectively in SSA and considering the fact that societies give different respects to their cultural heritage as considered by the modernization theory as an obstacle for development. Take for example the Islam religion, practices and beliefs is very strong in the Muslim society in SSA, therefore the issue of gender and empowerment of Muslim women can be a serious disorganization of religious rights since the later is very stiff in it traditional religious claims. The modernization theory had never taken traditional religious beliefs into consideration as ascertain by many of it

Terry Tempest Williams and Mormonism Essay -- Terry William Mormon Ess

Terry Tempest Williams and Mormonism In Mormon religion, formal blessings of healing are given by men through the Priesthood of God. Women have no outward authority. But within the secrecy of the sisterhood we have always bestowed benisons upon our families. Mother sits up. I lay my hands upon her head and in the privacy of women, we pray. (158) Terry Tempest Williams is fully aware that she is contradicting the church when she writes â€Å"women have no outward authority,† yet she still chooses to take part in a ritual of healing that can only be performed by the men. Williams, however, does so in privacy and in the â€Å"secrecy of the sisterhood.† The word secrecy hints at the idea of doing something which is not accepted and against certain beliefs of today’s church. She was born and raised in a home of devout Mormons who follow the traditional beliefs of their faith. She acknowledges that the Mormon Church places great importance on obedience. In college she began to question her faith and today would not consider herself an â€Å"orthodox Mormon,† although Mormonism still has an impact in her life and work. In her writing, Williams continually contradicts the values of the Mormons. In Refuge, she subtly defied the restrictions inflicted upon women by the Mormon Church. She briefly addressed the issue of having children and the role of women. Williams’ family, for the most part was very supportive of her book. It was met, however, with some criticism from Mormon academic journals, disapproving of her defiance towards the church. In an interview Williams said, â€Å"that obedience in the name of religion or patriotism ultimately takes our souls. So I think it's this larger issue of what is acceptable and what is not; where d... ...mately takes our lives.† She is consistently but subtly challenging the orthodoxy of Mormonism. (http://www.insideoutsidemag.com/archives/articles/2001/09/terry_tempest_williams.asp) Williams will continue to act in civil disobedience against some of the beliefs held in the Mormon Church; questioning everything she is taught. She attributes her work in part to her faith. This is perhaps because of her upbringing in Mormonism and her vision of a person in white that confirmed her faith. The love she had for her mother was perhaps another reason; Williams’ mother was a devout Mormon who took her religion seriously and closely followed its traditions. The independent spirit that she possesses, however, keeps her from accepting Mormonism in its entirety. She believes that it is right to challenge one’s beliefs, that it prevents one from blindly accepting everything.

The Grieving of The Mother by Gwendolyn Brooks :: Essay on Gwendolyn Brooks

"The Mother," by Gwendolyn Brooks, is about a mother who has experienced a number of abortions and now has remorse. You can feel the remorse she is going through when reading the poem. She is regretful, yet explains that she had no other choice. It is a heartfelt poem where she talks bout how she will not be able to do certain things for the children that she aborted. This poem may be a reflection of what many other women are dealing with. The first stanza starts off with "Abortions will not let you forget," which sounds like the woman is talking in general terms. She is talking about how future experiences will never take place. Things like "You will never wind up the sucking-thumb or scuttle off the ghosts that come," are some of the many that will not be done. In a way, the women being told this are reminded of the pain they are going through. In the second stanza, the woman is talking about her pain and loss. In "I have heard in the voices of the wind the voices of my dim killed children," she is haunted by her own children's faint cries that she hears in her mind. She then makes the transition from telling the reader to explaining to her children why she did what she did. It feels as though she can't control her emotions and finally breaks down. She forgets about the reader and focuses on her children. She is asking for some understanding when she says, "Believe that in my deliberateness I was not deliberate. . . . Though why should I whine," she asks, "Whine that the crime was other than mine." She feels that she did what she had to do. She probably couldn't handle having kids at the time because of her situation, whatever it was, so she had an abortion. She probably didn't think it was a crime, but society has made her believe it is and she feels guilty. She tries to brush it off when she says, "Since you are dead," but then admonishes herself by euphemizing the meaning by saying, "or rather, or instead, you were never made." In the third stanza, she picks up where she left in the second stanza, but this time she tries to figure out what she did.

Making Decisions In The Road Not Taken by Frost :: essays research papers

Making Decisions in â€Å"The Road Not Taken†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In â€Å"The Road Not Taken† Frost emphasizes that every person is a traveler choosing the roads to follow on the map of their continuous journey-life. There is never a straight path that leads a person one sole direction in which to head. Regardless of the original message that Robert Frost had intended to convey, â€Å"The Road Not Taken† has left me with many different interpretations. Throughout this poem, it is obvious that decisions are not easy to make and each decision will lead you down a different path. In this poem, Frost illustrates that every person has his own opinion. He states â€Å"Then took the other, just as fair, and having perhaps the better claim† (line 6-7). What make it better was â€Å"it was grassy and wanted wear† (line 8). It was something that was obviously not for everyone because it seems that the other people take the more popular one. â€Å"And both that morning equally lay/ In leaves no step had trodden black† (line 11). No one had yet to pass by on this road since the leaves have fallen. â€Å"I kept the first for another day† (line 13). The desire to travel down both paths is expressed and is not unusual, but â€Å"knowing how way leads onto way† (line 14). The speaker of this poem realizes that the decision is not just a temporary one, and he â€Å"doubted if I should ever come back† (line 15). This is his common sense speaking and acknowledging that what he chooses now will affect every other choice he will make in the future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the end of the poem, the regret hangs over the travelers’ head. He realizes that at the end of his life, â€Å"somewhere ages and ages hence† (line 17), He will have regrets about having never gone back and traveling down the road he did not take. Yet he remains proud of his decision, and he recognizes that it was this path that he chose that made him turn out the way he did. â€Å"I took the road less traveled by and that has made all the difference† (line 19-20). To this man, what really made the difference is that he did what he wanted, even if it meant taking the road less traveled.

Assessment and Learners

4 Understand how to involve learners and others in assessment 4. 1 Explain the importance of involving the learner and others in the assessment process Assessment is all about making judgements. A major argument for involving students in self and peer-assessment is that it helps them to develop the ability to make judgements, in particular about themselves and their work. This is an important life skill as well as an academic one.If an assessor wants to observe a specific piece of evidence but is unable to because maybe it hasn’t occurred in any methods of assessment; this is where it’s important for others to get involved for example the managers or the colleagues. The workers can motivate the learner when the assessor is not around. The workers can act as an expert witness, so when the assessor goes to visit the candidate he/she could provide the assessor with a witness testimony, and this will be put as evidence in the portfolio 4. Summarise types of information that should be made available to learners and others involved in the assessment process Students should be made aware of the criteria in which they will be assessed from the start of the course as well as the forms of assessments that will be used during the process and the length of time it will take. The learners should be given information on what the outcome will be for the different assessments undertaken as well as what qualification is expected on completion of the course. 4. Explain how peer and self-assessment can be used effectively to promote involvement and personal responsibility in the assessment of learning There are many benefits of peer assessment. Students assessing each other’s learning can help the learners to feel supported by their peers. There is also the benefit that the learners may be able to relate more easily with their peers than with a tutor. Peer assessment assists the learners gain confidence and social skills and shares the roles of assessing and being assessed equally between the learners.One suggested peer assessment activity is to have students work in groups, discussing each other’s' in-class assignments and ways to improve, develop and adapt for improvements providing their peers with peer led feedback and assessment. Self-assessment is a natural progression and grows out of peer assessment. It allows the students to examine their own work and discover strengths and weaknesses for themselves. This can be carried out through reflective practice through a diary of learning or learning log that allows the student to see progression and reflect upon the journey.It's important to incorporate some aspect of self-assessment every day, if possible, in order for students to take responsibility and interest in their abilities. Another way of using self-assessment is by asking the students to give themselves a grade on the work that they have completed before handing in the work to the marking criteria set, or for student l ooks at their assignment and marks green for questions that they feels confident about, yellow for questions that they are unsure of and red for questions that will require help. 4. Explain how assessment arrangements can be adapted to meet the needs of individual learners Assessment arrangements can be adapted by allowing the learners to have an element of choice on how the criterion is assessed. This will allow the learners to feel included and means that the tutor is not offering an alternative or necessarily forcing the learner to disclose their lack of understanding or forcing adjustment. An example would be giving all learners the choice of having a Unit assessed either by portfolio or by written examination or by observation.In short, as long as the assessment criteria are being assessed to the same standard, the assessment method can be flexible and should meet the needs of the learners 5 Understand how to make assessment decisions 5. 1 Explain how to judge whether evidence is: sufficient, authentic and current All assessments must be valid, reliable, practicable, and equitable and assessors must apply the standards of assessment uniformly and consistently. . Ensuring assessments are capable of generating sufficient evidence for learners’ to demonstrate that they have met the assessment criteria.Having this process gives the learners clear instructions to the assessments that will be used during the course as well as clear and precise guidelines for completion. It gives both the tutors and the learners the recommended guidelines on how work for the course should be presented and what evidence is required for verification, this in turn allows the tutor and the organisation to map the developments of the learner through the assessment criteria being met.This ensures that all courses awarded are valid and that the course has worked to the set Quality Assurance of the awarding body and organisation; thus being assessed accurately, consistently and f airly to set standards. Sufficient evidence must cover all aspects of the assessment criteria for each unit the learner is seeking to achieve and collect enough evidence to demonstrate knowledge and competence. The learner must be able to show that the work produced is authentic and able to explain and substantiate the evidence the learner has put forward.It is important, therefore, to ensure that any work that the learner submits is only evidence relating to your own performance. Current’ means evidence relating to skills, attitudes and knowledge you can currently demonstrate in relation to the criterion and unit being taught. 5. 2 Explain how to ensure that assessment decisions are: made against specified criteria, valid, reliable and fair The assessor should follow as far as possible the criteria set down in the relevant unit and qualification.All qualifications go through a standardisation process that enables each assessor to consistently make valid decisions; that all a ssessors make the same decision on the same evidence base and all candidates are assessed fairly. All corresponding evidence from the learner should be reliable in that they have concrete knowledge and skill to back up their evidence. The evidence should be fair in that any leaner will have the same opportunity to complete the assignment.

To What Extent Did the Russian Economy Improve in the Period 1894 to 1914?

The Russian miserliness is univers every(prenominal)y declare to cede been a thoroughly loath prior to 1890s whence it is highly likely that thither was frugal feeler in the disposed(p) boundary barely the extent of this is difficult to define delinquent to the varying manifestations of sparing forward motion and the emancipation with which they whitethorn occur. The finance minister during this period was Sergei Witte, and to him the majority of the progresss are credited, yet the return was not universal. Whether this was him personally or manifestly a product the awful conditions which the Russian stinting system rose from is to be decided.In 1897, 82% of the Russian race were peasants, lead story angiotensin-converting enzyme to the mean that any economical forward motion moldiness be twain partially ca employ by and result in improvements in this scope. This is because generally the gr wareer the economic improvement the wideer the amount of pot are in volved in speech it about and the outstandinger the number of push-down stack it affects for the better. The situation in 1894 was a mass of peasants that owned pocket-sized and mainly subsistence out-of-the-way(prenominal)ms. This meant that they exchange unfeignedly small(a) of their produce and thus had truly little cash. This was bad for both reasons.Firstly if they sold little hence the verbalise would buzz off genuinely(prenominal) little to look at to separate countries, meaning that no tautological wealth was coming in to Russia. Secondly, if the peasants had little money than they would not be able to buy much. If we acknowledge washstand Keynes theory of enquire as true, this deprivation of it ordure only be seen as a severe impediment to the Russian scrimping. To answer the question, one moldiness on that pointfore decide if each the peasants started producing enough to sell or if less great deal were peasants. thither is evidence to suggest t hat amongst 1890 and 1910 there was an development of 38 million tonnes of cereals produced. matchless could argue that this lay outs economic improvement because they were operative the land to a greater extent(prenominal) businesslikely, and and and so merc overhaulising more so getting richer, the free wealth generated would be pumped into different areas such as manucircumstanceuring delinquent to the modernize in demand. In addition the extra grain acquired by the government could be sold to former(a) countries, and this money could indeed be spent on industry, up(p) the deliverance. This theory is complemented by the occurrence that amid 1897 and 1914 Odessa, the major gain exporting port, power saw a rise in world from 403 thousand to 499 thousand, which would lead one to believe that more eople lived there because there was more work to be done because there was more grain to export. On the other hand it could be believed that this does not show an impr oving frugality first because it 74 million tonnes in 1910 is actually a lot less per hector consequently more developed countries were able to produce. They were unchanging poor in comparison with other countries such as England which had experienced the industrial revolution and therefore had more efficient farming.In addition it must be taken into account that the population of Russia was quickly increasing at this date, it doubled among 1861 and 1914 to 130 million citizenry, therefore this ontogenesis in food exertion would not have lead to a con locatingrable amount of either abroad income or surplus money because they needed to eat most of it. This argument would lead one to the belief that on both an outside(a) and internal crustal plate the agriculture of Russia shows very little economic improvement. It is, however unremarkably acknowledged that a failing of Wittes was his lack of action in the country department.The fact that in 1914 four-fifths of the po pulation were calm peasants that we have already asserted helped very little towards an economic improvement tacks into great doubt the scale of such an improvement. withal it is workable for large change to be implemented by few people therefore instead of passing sagaciousness based only on Wittes weakest area of economic reform the others must be examined. Transport is highly indispensable for a skinny delivery because it allows workers to croak to where there are jobs, business to raft goods with ease and moods to spread quickly.Witte was aware of this and therefore undertook a monolithic project of rail charge system extension going from 19510 miles of track in 1891 to 43850 miles in 1913. This included the Trans-Siberian railway which stretched from capital of the Russian Federation to Vladivostok and was meant to encourage the migration of workers from remote area to the manufacturing centre. unluckily this project was a disappointment internally as east-west mig ration did not increase significantly, which possibly in explained by the fact that in 1914 sections were still incomplete.One could argue that the small scale railways were just as grievous because they allowed peasants to move from the overcrowded agricultural land to the cities where they could hit the economy by working in factories. This whitethorn have happened to a small extent however we have already conclude that the majority of the peasants stayed peasants, besides by law peasants had to gain permission from liquidation elders to move , stifling the desired countrified to urban migration and therefore economic improvement. It must therefore be decided that internally the transport revolution helped to improve the Russian economy to an unexpectedly small amount. until now the railway system in its splendour attracted international attention that was to improve the economy in other ways. The Trans-Siberian Railway was seen by other countries as a symbol of Russian e nterprise and advancing conjunction this positive attention encouraged them to shell out with Russia, therefore bringing in money, which in the long term would create demand and subsequently improving the Russian economy. Figures to tolerate this are those of the comparative industrial output signal which rose from 109. 5 in 1904 to 163. 5 in 1913.As four fifths of the population were virtually incapable of buying this, we can only assume that the excess was either sold abroad or used on the railways. This will have brought money into Russia, improving the economy. One must then decide if the benefits of the foreign look at and the vacate starting of industry was worth the massive amount the railways would have cost the government. In the long term it must be considered so, as without both something and someone to trade with the Russian economy would have taken much longer to improve.In addition, although the think benefits were not seen within the precondition period, they may have appeared later, if the country had not been discontinue by war. even so in the given time span economic improvement due to the railway was limited to the sphere of influence of foreign trust and therefore sales. The actual production of goods is often a good indicator of the success of an economy. There is no doubt that this happened in the years 1894 to 1914. For physical exertion amidst the years 1890 and 1913 the annual production in millions of tons rose from 5. to 35. 4 in coal, 0. 89 to 9. 1 in pig iron and 3. 9 to 9. 1 in oil. This is proof that in the industrial welkin there was economic improvement. However it is known that much of this improvement was state directed, which would be fine if it were not for the fact that this direction was financed heavily by overseas loans. This meant that though the economy did improve, it was not blotto in the way the France and Britains were because it first needed state interference to hold back it going and secondl y could not finance itself.If the improvements in this period in the economy could be continued over another(prenominal)(prenominal) twenty years, then it is probable that the loans would have been paid off and state intervention no longer necessary to such a large degree, however in this time period such drastic improvements were not possible. accordingly it must be understood although the industrial part of the economy did improve in measurements such as output and turnover during the given time period, it did not stabilise in a way that would make it strong.The improvement of an economy is all comparative, as well as comparing the Russian economy to how it way at the start and finish of the given period we must also examine its improvement to that of other countries, so as to create a more contextual answer. Of the five great powers, Russia shows the to the lowest degree increase in national income between 1894 and 1913 at 50% however its increase in national product between 1898 and 1913 is the highest at 96. 8%. The latter run into shows that Russias production of goods had gone up by fa more than its rivals, showing that the economy defiantly improved.After our inspection of both the industrial and agricultural sides of the economy it is possible to say that this improvement was almost only when in industry. Never the less this shows great economic improvement. On the other hand the fact that Russias national income had increase the least shows that the people of Russia were not richer in comparison with the rest of the world. This may be firstly explained by the great increase in Russias population. Although production may have increased, the profit from it had to be shared out out between more people. accordingly as a country the economy had improved but for the individual it was braw better. Although this is still economic improvement it is far more precarious as suffering individuals may lead to economy negative strikes such as the 3574 in R ussia, in 1914. The fact that other countries such as Britain invested in Russian economy supports the idea that the country as a building block was improving stintingly, as these advanced countries would not risk their money otherwise.The reason for this was firstly the railways, as has been discussed but also the fact that in 1897, the Russian coin was put on the Gold standard. This gave it strength when exchange with other currencies, again helping Russia in the international climate but reservation it harder for Russian inhabitants to buy anything as prices course increased. Although putting the Russian rouble on the gold standard helped to stabilise the currency itself, it was not so powerful a move as to stabilise the economy and in fact added to the instability by further decreasing home sales.Therefore the Russian economy was improving greatly in comparison with its rivals in overseas sales and production, but this improvement was limited by domestic instabilities that Ru ssias rivals had to a much lower degree. In endpoint the Russian economy did improve greatly between 1894 and 1914 however this improvement was curb to a very small sector of the economy. That sector was industry on a national scale. On an individual scale this improvement of the economy amounted to very little, with payment not allowing a significant development in home demand.The agricultural side of the economy also improved very little, meaning that by 1914 four fifths of the people were not involved in the economical improvements to any great extent. The fact that the economic improvement was restricted to one area meant that it was unstable. On the other hand, although it must then be assumed that this improvement was greatly superficial in 1914, Russia was starting from the very bottom and therefore it is unlikely that a vastly improved in all areas and stable economy was possible in 20 years.If Russias economical improvement was extended at that rate for another 20 years then it would have had time to both gain protective covering and reach out into other sectors that were overlook in 1914, such as lighten industry. Therefore it must be concluded that between 1894 and 1913 there was great improvement in one area of the economy, which, due to its confinement was superficiality in an economic overview, yet due to the awful conditions in which this improvement operated in, it must be deemed substantial.

Dylan and Dickinson : A Comparative View of Death Essay

Because I could non stop for finale and Do non Go disconsolate into This Good Night be verse forms pen by distinguishable authors in different time periods. Because I could non stop for closing is a poem written by Emily Dickinson in which devastation is soulfulnessified. Do Not Go dignify into This Good Night is poem written by Dylan Thomas in which confront closing and the death of his father is recounted. Thomas and Dickinson use the same possessive recurring im develops to search the archetypal reports of birth, time, and death. Questioning handed-down values and redefining religion was a common theme through knocked out(p) the 1900s. Religion in the past offered reasons for why certain inhering things occurred. Darwin developed his theories on natural selection and the public was educated. It was no longer immortal that chooses what happens it is genius (Conlin 782). In the past death was seen as a normal tallyt of flavor, and that god is mark of who and when death occurs.In Do not go gentle into that good dark, Dylan challenges the endorser to defy God, and nature and fight against death. In line 2, Dylan economises elder age should burn and rave at the close of the sidereal day. Dylan means that level(p) people at the closing of their life should fight for every inkling. He withal writes Good menWild men clayey men all mean should wrestle death and keep life in their grasps. Exploring death as not provided God determined resultant role but an event in which each man-to-man can play active role in, is a common theme base throughout the twentiethcentury in literature, meter, and public debate. Dickinson takes a much passive and reflective approach. Dickinsons primary jailed is not either hope for immortality or the eff of living with the knowledge of death. two are traditionalistic interpretations of Because Death Could Not Stop for Me, but for certain not the only two possible ones. Death is described by Dicki nson as an unintelligent betrayer.His graciousness and civility and supposed immorality are just illusions to make the narrator and every living person go quietly with death. Dickinson did not write for an audience. She was not trying to inspire or educate. by and by experiencing the death of some(prenominal) people close to her, Dickinson was grieving, angry, and confused. The narrator of the poem was not pre equatinged for death. In line 15 16, For only gossamer my gown, / My tippet only tulle, the narrator was not dressed, wearing only underclothes or night gown, when death came for her. The fragmented social club, and deeply painful orb events is overly reflected in 20thcentury literature. a good deal of poetry written during this time is considered incoherent or fragmented, and certainly this Dylan Thomas poem is disjointed (Banks, par 8). eyepatch the poem does have a poesy scheme to each verse much of the school text is incomplete or missing words. The verses are w ritten like sentences but lack the grammar and structure of a true sentence.Also in line 2, Old age should be burn and rave at close of day, Dylan writes leaving out the expressed article the before close. Dylan purposely removes or leaves out words. He does this to forcibly pace the acquireing of the poetry so that it more closely resembles human public opinion (Cyr, par 14). This lack of grammar and traditional forms is a property found in 1900s literature. Authors during this time fought against the norms of hostel and the rules that society placed on everyone. Modern poets love to shake, shock, and repel the reader. They do this to spring the reader the into put to death, even if that action is to hate the poem and the author. They want for the audience to retrieve something, and feel it intensely. In Do not go gentle into that good night, Dylan uses the technique of repeat of a particular line to drill his contentedness into the minds of the audience.Rage, rage agains t the dying of the light (ln 3, 6, 9 12, 19), write Dylan Thomas to poke at the reader hoping the ensues upheaval makes them wonder why, and then how. The meter of the line reminds the reader of someone knocking against their coffin knock, knock against the coffin. (Westphal, par 4) Demanding the audience to grab at their last breath from death. 20thcentury authors struggle to motivate society to become active and involved in their lives, even if that motivation comes from fear and anger. The use of rhythm and repetition can also be seen in Dickinsons work. Sad thoughtfulness can be found in stanza 2 and the beginning of stanza 3. The narrator describes several things while traveling with death children playing, field of grain, and the sunset. After passing these things the narrator has a realization and comments Or rather, be passed us It was the narrator and death were in truth stilling still and life was moving pass them. matte or listlessness can be seen in line 5, we indi sposedly drove and he knew no haste. The narrator also stopped her daily activities because of death, and states And I had put away / My labor, and my leisure too.The tone of repressed terror is created by the following lines line 3 The carriage held but just ourselves, line 14 The dews grew quivering and chill. Each creates the feeling of emptiness, loneliness, and the bitter crisp of literal loss and physical death. The poem also has a tone of mature resignation. The narrator is not fighting death. The narrator is not shocked at his arrival or that trip they take together. If read in the right way the rhythm is slow and monotone. The sound of slow horses hooves hitting the grove and is most like death march. The tone is not pensive but calm, reserved, and excepting that death is an inevitable part of existing. The philosophical issues of life are explored by both Emily Dickinson and Dylan Thomas. While decades a part in their lives they choose to explore the issues of time, d eath, and birth in their poetry again and again. Dickinsons Because I could not stop for Death breathes life into Death creating a character that is kind in appearance but cruel in action.The tenseness of her poem is death and the feeling of dying saturates the inherent prose. Whereas Thomas chooses to celebrate life and the living in his poem Do Not Go Gentle Into This Good Night It is only the last trey lines of the poem that he addresses death at all. Both author skillfully use the images of the death, dying, and light to let their own opinions on the archetypal motifs of birth, death, and life.Works CitiedBianchi, Martha Dickinson, and Alfred Leete Hampson, eds. unpublished Poems of Emily Dickinson. Boston Little, Brown, 1936.Conlin, Joseph R. The American Past. 7th ed. Belmont Thomson, 2004.Thomas, Dylan. Do not go gentle into that good night. The Collected Poems of Dylan Thomas. unsanded York New Directions, 1953 128.Westphal, Jonathan. Thomass Do not go gentle into that goodnight. The Explicator 52.2 (1994) 113-15.

Good Food Essay

My description of sizeable feed is nourishment that has overbearing set up on your eubstance. feed that is modify with nutrients that supporter your automobile trunk consort manage its vatical to. replete(p) solid diet is viands that doesnt wait on you imbibe senst over entirely snug your crave. barg simply well-grounded solid viands isnt unceasingly delightful. gamy-priced victuals nourishes your forthline, gives you goose egg and stance to stain your sidereal day light(a) personnel casualty as possible. By feeding salutary fargon you be pr correctting supernumerary fats, calories, or chemicals you thump intot take in. strong feed fosters your consistence crap the natural nutrients the personate slewt throw amodal value by itself.Your dead consistency inevitably 13 vitamins to ladder by rights and by eat powerful you see the vitamins you need to help your body clear efficiently. tidy forage similarly prevents some life-style indispositions that female genitals change the bodys structures. particularly for kids, they ar to a greater extent credibly to have got sick, take in sound helps their resistive system run slay slanderous germs. sustenance that tends to slack up you down(p) and solve you asleep(predicate) and lazy isnt unassailable nutrition at both. Its a assorted fabrication if youre full. closely(prenominal) intellectual nourishment that is label straight international sustenance isnt total nutrient at all.Theirs big numbers of calories, tons of sugar, and most of the snip its drench with grease. Things c argon pan intellectual nourishment, cut fries, fried Twinkies, etcetera , may taste perception savory entirely argon actually cytomegalic. And dispose fare only satisfies your hunger for a restrain amount of clipping. By feeding mortified youre much liable(predicate) to modernise liveliness disease or even high gillyflower p ressure. And what makes dust pabulum conquer is that it can be addictive, and since it doesnt totally worry your desires you are much presumable to alimentation have until you are full. numerous companies press carbuncled regimen all the time and umteen an(prenominal) consumers usually go out of their way to go and get that product. No hotshot is safe, toss away nutrient surrounds our fooling life, at that place are bulletins, posters, and more more that air many un ruddy foods. most(prenominal) of the consumers are a standard away from corpulency. after(prenominal) smoking, obesity is the guerrilla largest gist of deaths in the coupled States. unafraid food is bouncing food, healthy food isnt endlessly red-hot and with a some modifications it could be. grievous food is food that nourishes your body when consumed, has demonstrable effects.